The term "history text" is a free translation by the author to the concept of hermeneutics which is well known in the German language version as Redaktionsgeschichte or history of editors. This concept asserts that every text is produced in cultures always have some kind of a history curriculum vitae compilation, codification, changes, or revisions may also authorize the editor and the text that occur from time to time.
Knowing the history of this editorial is an important prerequisite to listening to the meaning of the text in relation to the context of the creation or preparation for the transfer or exchange of common semantics, adding annotations, inserting new sections in the editing, fixes syntax or stylistic modulation, resulting in a shift of meaning or pressure changes in various parts of the text.
It is clear Pancasila is a main text for. In the history of redaksinya, dated June 1, 1945 becomes a very important moment because on that day presented to the Five Principles of a political public for consideration, each silanya described in detail, and demonstrated its entirety as a whole configuration of thought. Soekarno as the initiator and spokesman at that time expressly provide two main qualifications to the Pancasila, namely its position as the basic philosophy of the state (philosophische grondslag) and its function as a view (of) the world (Weltanschauung).
Sukarno in a historic speech that equated simply state the basic philosophy and a worldview. It is noteworthy that the view of the world, the world view or Weltanschauung treated in the social sciences as a subject of study and research of cultural sciences. Clifford Geertz, for example, see the world view as the idea of people within a cultural group about the world they face and biodiversity, in the form of an overview of the complexity of the world that in some simplified picture: whether the world is essentially good or evil, real or virtual, eternal or temporary, is a haven for a moment or a place where people cultivate and build its future fate. German-British sociologist, Karl Mannheim, talking about eines Zeitalters Weltanschauung or world view in a time of history, so similar to the spirit of the times or Zeitgeist. Meanwhile, the German philosopher, Karl Jaspers, argued that the Weltanschauung is none other than a kind of philosophy (because it is comprehensive and not sectoral), but not merely a speculative philosophy, but philosophy is effective, a wirkende Philosophie, which could give hope, trust, and build commitment.
Anything because, quite clear that Sukarno, during two decades (since 1926 until 1945), think hard about what can unite different ethnic groups in Indonesia into a nation that can determine their own fate through an independent state. Is it possible to achieve a basis where all people can stand together politically on a national platform?
As a seasoned political activist, Sukarno has focused attention primarily on a political integration that can bring together and unite the various political groups on that watu. He did not think much about social integration or cultural integration, which later became the principal thought leaders, such as Ki Hajar Dewantara or Sutan Alisjahbana.
What is sought by Sukarno is a theme that is quite broad, but integrated enough, where all important political groups at that time was represented principle, credentials, and interests. In terms of political science now, Sukarno convincingly perform an aggregation of political interests and articulate with success.
Obviously Sukarno must take into account religious groups, particularly Islam, as the largest religious group represented in the NU and Masjumi. Without including the precepts to the divinity of religious groups is probably not interested in supporting the state to be established. Over the same manner without including the precepts of nationalism nationalist groups that have political crystallization in PNI will probably stay apathetic.
Democracy and popular sovereignty clearly will attract the attention of the political group that emphasizes the interests of the people like Murba and fighters of democracy, like Hatta and his disciples in the New PNI. Similarly, without including the precepts of social justice, political parties will not leftist feel called.
No need to be elaborated at length that the reverence for human dignity can not be ignored because it is an issue that is considered a sign of well-known new intelligentsia, particularly the political groups who aspire to modernism as can be observed in the PSI and Masjumi such subcultures.
So different from Karl Mannheim, Sukarno did not talk about the world view of a time series, but from a certain place called. Also, different from Karl Jaspers, Sukarno did not talk about the philosophy of the world (Weltanschauung), but the philosophy about life together in a country. In a sense, it is proposed as a way of life Pancasila (Lebensanschauung) politically Are the principles of Pancasila are picked from the values in world civilization or excavated from cultures Nusantara is an issue that is played expertly by Sukarno as a technique of promotion and persuasion of the listener, through the rhetoric is very educated with the glittering pronunciation.
Basic bottom (bottom line) Soekarno thought is an idea that could represent as much as possible the principle of identity and political groups, and simultaneously with that aggregating political interests in the widest possible spectrum. In short, in terms of genealogy, Pancasila was born as a gentleman Historico-political agreement, the agreement of the people and groups who respect each other, although they realize there are many cases among those who remained difficult to reconcile. The deal must be made in order to create a basis for national consensus on the country that will be formed.
We are pleased that RI has been formed on these premises. Political foundations of this until now still make a home for all those who helped build it, and want to live peacefully in it. Hopefully, this house does not turn into a transit house, just a place to sleep and put the suitcase for those who want to travel somewhere.
Biografi Soekarno
Soekarno (Bung Karno) First President of the Republic of Indonesia, from 1945 to 1966, embraced the ideology of development?? Stand on their own feet??. Proclaimers who was born in Blitar, East Java, June 6, 1901 This boldly taunted the United States and other capitalist countries:?? Go to hell with your aid.?? To hell with your help.
He invited country Nega-ra-developing (newly independent) united. Great Leader of the Revolution has also successfully shook his lorakan spirit of revolution for the nation, as well as maintain the integrity of NKRI.
People of this art lover has a strong slogan hung high ideals of the star to bring his people into the life of prosperous, just and prosperous. The ideology of development adopted by the man who comes from the descendants of Javanese nobility (her father named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, Javanese and his mother was Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai, Bali tribe), this when viewed from the book Pioneers in Development, about leaning ideology of development that was born the economists who do not recognize the dictionaries that build a country to beg the west. But for them, begging is unlawful foreign aid. Touch with the rich Western countries, let alone to ask for help, in fact harm the poor (poor countries).
For Bung Karno, who as a child named Kusno, this seems to be no sweet tale for poor countries that build the capital and foreign aid. All the stuff that helped the construction management and flow of modern technology being transferred? for the poor become rich and the West pursue? just a tool of wealth to the poor sucker that makes it more retarded.
That's Bung Karno who had a spirit of revolution and take stands on its own feet for the nation, although not yet had managed to bring people in a prosperous life. The concept?? Stand on its own feet? did not reach the goal but at least managed to give pride of the nation's existence. Rather than standing on the foreign debt which proved to bring the dependency and helplessness (noekolonialisme).
Bung Karno's childhood was filled with a spirit of independence. He was just a few years living with his parents in Blitar. During the elementary to graduate, he lives in Surabaya, lodger in the house Haji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto, veteran politician Sarekat founder of Islam. Then continue on HBS (Hoogere Burger School). While studying at HBS that he had been to galvanize the nationalist spirit nalismenya. After he graduated from HBS in 1920, he moved to Bandung and went on to THS (Technische Hooge-school or Technical High School who is now the ITB). He won the title?? Ir? on May 25, 1926.
Then, he formulated and established the doctrine Marhaenisme PNI (Nationalist Party of Indonesia) on July 4, 1927, with the aim of an independent Indonesia. As a result, the Netherlands, the invaders, put him in jail Sukamiskin, Bandung on December 29, 1929. Eight months later a new trial. In his defense titled?? Indonesia Menggugat??, He bravely expose depravity of the Netherlands, a nation that claims it is more advanced.
Defense that made the Dutch more and more angry. So in July 1930, the PNI was dissolved. After free (1931), Bung Karno join Partindo and at the same time lead. As a result, he re-arrested by the Dutch and exiled to Ende, Flores, 1933. Four years later moved to Bengkulu.
After going through a long struggle, Bung Karno and Bung Hatta proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945. Previously, he was also able to formulate that later became the basis of Pancasila (ideology) of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. He seeks to unite the archipelago. In fact he tried to gather the nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America with the Asian-African Conference in Bandung in 1955, which later evolved into the Non-Aligned Movement.
Rebellion G-30-S/PKI bear very great political crisis. He did not want to dissolve the PKI was accused by the student and the TNI as a mastermind of the general's cruelty killer. Increasingly chaotic political atmosphere. So on March 11, 1966 he issued a warrant to Suharto to control the situation, later known as Supersemar. But, this is the beginning of his kejatuh. Because Suharto used it to dismiss PKI Supersemar and win the sympathy of politicians and students as well?? Win? power. MPR Supersemar confirmed it and reject accountability Soekarno and Soeharto appoint as Acting President.
Then Bung Karno?? Imprisoned? Yaso at Wisma, Jakarta. His health continued to deteriorate. Finally, on Sunday, June 21, 1970 he died at the army hospital. He was buried at Wisma Yaso, Jakarta and was buried in Blitar, East Java, near the tomb of his mother, Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. His Majesty the Great Leader of the Revolution has left eight children. From Fatmawati get five children, Guntur, Megawati, Rachmawati, Sukmawati, and Thunder. From Hartini have two children namely Taufan and Bayu. While from Ratna Sari Dewi, the woman whose original name was derived Japanese Naoko Nemoto getting a daughter of Kartika.
Orator Ulung First president of Indonesia is also known as an accomplished orator, which can be addressed in a very impassioned about the national revolution, neocolonialist-me and imperialism. He is also highly believe in the power of mass, the strength of the people.
? This I am nothing if not the people. I grew up because of the people, I struggled because I was a mouthpiece for the people and the people? Bung Karno said, in his work?? Digging Api Pancasila??. An expression that is honest enough of a great orator.
Symptoms of Bung Karno's language is a rare phenomenon that invites admiration of many people. His skills using the language with all sorts of style associated with his personality. This is reflected in the autobiography, articles and books containing the history of football terjangnya.
He is a cen-dekiawan which left hundreds of papers and several drama scripts that may only ever staged in Ende, Flores. Collection of his writings was published under the title?? Diba-wah flag of revolution??, Two volumes. The first volume arguably the most interesting and important because they represent themselves as Soekarno Soekarno.
From the thick book of about 630 pages the first post that started from 1926, with the title?? Nationalist-me, Islamism, and Marxism? is the most interesting and perhaps most important as a point of departure in an effort to understand the surge of Sukarno in his youth, a young 26 year old.
In the midst of greatness, the brilliant orator and writer, it always requires the support of others. He can not stand alone and do not like enclosed spaces.
At the end of his reign, he often felt lonely. In the autobio-grafinya compiled by Cindy Adams, Bung Karno, the People's Tongue Connector, recalled. ?? I did not sleep for six years. I can not sleep goods a snap. Sometimes, late at night, I called someone close to me such as Subandrio, Deputy Prime Minister One and I said,?? Bandrio come to my place, come with me, tell me something strange, tell a joke, Talk about anything just do not about politics. And if I fall asleep, forgive .... For the first time in my life I started to eat sleeping pills. I'm tired. Too tired.??
In another section stated, "" Seen as a whole, the presidency is like an exile a remote ... Often the man who thought changing, not your thoughts ... They helped create this lonely island around you.??
Anti-Imperialism On May 17, 1956. Bung Karno had the honor of delivering a speech in front of the Congress of the United States. As reported by the New York Times (first page) the next day, in a speech that he vigorously attacked colonialism.
?? The struggle and sacrifice that we have done for the sake of our people's liberation from the shackles of colonialism, has lasted from generation to generation for centuries. However, the fight was still not finished. How this struggle can be said complete if millions of people in Asia and Africa still under colonial domination, is still not able to enjoy freedom? Sukarno when it squealed.
Remarkably, although the speech was strongly opposed to colonialism and imperialism, and also quite critical of Western countries, he got a tremendous welcome in the United States (U.S.).
The speech showed the consistency of thought and attitudes of Bung Karno, who since his youth antikolonialisme. Especially in the period 1926-1933, the spirit of anti-imperialism antikolonialisme and it was clear the priority.
Very clear and unequivocal collective memory of the bitterness of colonialism made it rich foreign countries. However, words and facts are two different things, and not infrequently conflicting.
Sukarno and the initiator of nationalism among others forced to wrestle?? Word? and?? facts? knitted political tried but it was not easy, and not infrequently at a stalemate.
Soekarno who diligently speak, among others about the idea of uniting the nationalist, religious and communist (1926) found the fact that at all contradictory, when he tried it a fact. Similarly, the amount of the other ideas: Marhaenisme, or nationalism marhaenistis, which mature conceived in 1932. In fact, the idea of Pancasila.
Controversial figure As a figure who has a firm principle, Bung Karno often regarded as a controversial figure. So no wonder if he has the opponent or fellow who dared to openly criticize or defend his views. In the eyes of political opponents in the country, he is considered to represent a figure that politicians abangan?? Less Islamic??. They even categorize it as a group leader? Secular nationalists??.
However, in the eyes of Sheikh Mahmud Syaltut from Cairo, diggers Pancasila is adzima min quwada dignity Qaeda al-harir FII al-Balad al-Islam (Great leaders of independence movements in Islamic countries). Instead, Guided Democracy, which in the domestic debate, it was praised by sheikh al-Azhar as a, "" lam yakun shuratu ila min shara treaties or ash? allatiy ja?? alha al-Qur?? an sya?? ana min Syu?? un al-mu?? Minin? (Nothing but one illustration of the deliberation that made by the Qur'an as the basis for the faithful).
When mounting tensions between Israel and Arab countries about the status of Palestine at that time, the Arab press welcomes Bung Karno's sensational, "" Champion for Arab interests has arrived??. Likewise, the Holy See gave three awards title to the president of the Republic of the Muslim majority.
Indeed, defense Bung Karno against the oppressed not only for his country but also other countries. That is why he is revered by the Arabs out of Israel is facing attacks at the time. Bung Karno regarded as the leader of the Muslims. In fact, in his own country he is often seen more as abangan than the students.
Actually, how religiuskah Bung Karno? Was not he also in formulating the precepts of Pancasila conception Belief in God Almighty? Sila which shows that Indonesia is a religious nation. The Indonesian nation is a pluralistic nation and recognizes five religions. How could summarize the vision of five religions in the same sentence that the underlying sentence if the maker does not understand the context of religious life in Indonesia is true?
In this case quoted the opinion of Clifford Geertz's elegant Islam Observed (1982):?? Style religious Sukarno Sukarno was the style of his own.?? Why not? To Louise Fischer, Bung Karno had confessed that he was once Muslim, Christian, and Hindu. In the eyes of observers such as Geertz, such recognition is considered? Expansive style as if to embrace the whole world??. Instead, this phrase, it seems to BJ Boland, in The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia (1982) -?? Only embodies the religious feelings of the majority of the people of Indonesia, especially Java??. For the Eastern spiritual appreciation, saying that instead?? Is the courage to voice their ideas might be accused of formalism as heretical clerics??.
Political System Sukarno had views on the political system it supports is the most?? Fit? with?? personality? and?? culture? typical of the Indonesian people who supposedly concerned with cooperation, mutual assistance and harmony. In rhetoric, he condemned?? Individualism? which he said was born of Western liberalism. Individualism that gave birth to selfishness, and this is mainly reflected by the fight antarpartai.
Then he sparked Guided Democracy. In the politics of Sukarno political importance of mass mobilization, he was sympathetic to the movements of anti-imperialism, and perhaps as one consequence, its acceptance in the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) as a legitimate political actor, supporting the conception of democracy. So he launched a political system that is inherently anti-liberal and suspicious of political pluralism. He is concerned?? Unity? by?? revolution??.
In the 1950s, Indonesia was marked by political instability caused by a system of parliamentary democracy. This system is very liberal, and dominated by political parties that control parliament. 1955 election, won by four great powers, Masyumi, Indonesian National Party (PNI), Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and PKI-is still regarded as the most free and clean elections ever held in the history of Indonesia. However, on the other side of the system of party-controlled parliament is often rise and fall of the cabinet headed by prime minister. Moreover, history also notes that the national integrity constantly threatened by various separatist movements, ie, AT / IT, PRRI / Permesta, and so forth.
This fact makes Sukarno increasingly suspicious of political parties because he considers Masyumi, and also the PSI, was involved in several regional rebellions. Then, Sukarno decreed the return of Indonesia at the 1945 Constituent Assembly's failure to decide a new constitution for Indonesia, due to a protracted debate, especially between the secular nationalist forces and Islamic forces on the basis of the state.
He invited country Nega-ra-developing (newly independent) united. Great Leader of the Revolution has also successfully shook his lorakan spirit of revolution for the nation, as well as maintain the integrity of NKRI.
People of this art lover has a strong slogan hung high ideals of the star to bring his people into the life of prosperous, just and prosperous. The ideology of development adopted by the man who comes from the descendants of Javanese nobility (her father named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, Javanese and his mother was Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai, Bali tribe), this when viewed from the book Pioneers in Development, about leaning ideology of development that was born the economists who do not recognize the dictionaries that build a country to beg the west. But for them, begging is unlawful foreign aid. Touch with the rich Western countries, let alone to ask for help, in fact harm the poor (poor countries).
For Bung Karno, who as a child named Kusno, this seems to be no sweet tale for poor countries that build the capital and foreign aid. All the stuff that helped the construction management and flow of modern technology being transferred? for the poor become rich and the West pursue? just a tool of wealth to the poor sucker that makes it more retarded.
That's Bung Karno who had a spirit of revolution and take stands on its own feet for the nation, although not yet had managed to bring people in a prosperous life. The concept?? Stand on its own feet? did not reach the goal but at least managed to give pride of the nation's existence. Rather than standing on the foreign debt which proved to bring the dependency and helplessness (noekolonialisme).
Bung Karno's childhood was filled with a spirit of independence. He was just a few years living with his parents in Blitar. During the elementary to graduate, he lives in Surabaya, lodger in the house Haji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto, veteran politician Sarekat founder of Islam. Then continue on HBS (Hoogere Burger School). While studying at HBS that he had been to galvanize the nationalist spirit nalismenya. After he graduated from HBS in 1920, he moved to Bandung and went on to THS (Technische Hooge-school or Technical High School who is now the ITB). He won the title?? Ir? on May 25, 1926.
Then, he formulated and established the doctrine Marhaenisme PNI (Nationalist Party of Indonesia) on July 4, 1927, with the aim of an independent Indonesia. As a result, the Netherlands, the invaders, put him in jail Sukamiskin, Bandung on December 29, 1929. Eight months later a new trial. In his defense titled?? Indonesia Menggugat??, He bravely expose depravity of the Netherlands, a nation that claims it is more advanced.
Defense that made the Dutch more and more angry. So in July 1930, the PNI was dissolved. After free (1931), Bung Karno join Partindo and at the same time lead. As a result, he re-arrested by the Dutch and exiled to Ende, Flores, 1933. Four years later moved to Bengkulu.
After going through a long struggle, Bung Karno and Bung Hatta proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945. Previously, he was also able to formulate that later became the basis of Pancasila (ideology) of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. He seeks to unite the archipelago. In fact he tried to gather the nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America with the Asian-African Conference in Bandung in 1955, which later evolved into the Non-Aligned Movement.
Rebellion G-30-S/PKI bear very great political crisis. He did not want to dissolve the PKI was accused by the student and the TNI as a mastermind of the general's cruelty killer. Increasingly chaotic political atmosphere. So on March 11, 1966 he issued a warrant to Suharto to control the situation, later known as Supersemar. But, this is the beginning of his kejatuh. Because Suharto used it to dismiss PKI Supersemar and win the sympathy of politicians and students as well?? Win? power. MPR Supersemar confirmed it and reject accountability Soekarno and Soeharto appoint as Acting President.
Then Bung Karno?? Imprisoned? Yaso at Wisma, Jakarta. His health continued to deteriorate. Finally, on Sunday, June 21, 1970 he died at the army hospital. He was buried at Wisma Yaso, Jakarta and was buried in Blitar, East Java, near the tomb of his mother, Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. His Majesty the Great Leader of the Revolution has left eight children. From Fatmawati get five children, Guntur, Megawati, Rachmawati, Sukmawati, and Thunder. From Hartini have two children namely Taufan and Bayu. While from Ratna Sari Dewi, the woman whose original name was derived Japanese Naoko Nemoto getting a daughter of Kartika.
Orator Ulung First president of Indonesia is also known as an accomplished orator, which can be addressed in a very impassioned about the national revolution, neocolonialist-me and imperialism. He is also highly believe in the power of mass, the strength of the people.
? This I am nothing if not the people. I grew up because of the people, I struggled because I was a mouthpiece for the people and the people? Bung Karno said, in his work?? Digging Api Pancasila??. An expression that is honest enough of a great orator.
Symptoms of Bung Karno's language is a rare phenomenon that invites admiration of many people. His skills using the language with all sorts of style associated with his personality. This is reflected in the autobiography, articles and books containing the history of football terjangnya.
He is a cen-dekiawan which left hundreds of papers and several drama scripts that may only ever staged in Ende, Flores. Collection of his writings was published under the title?? Diba-wah flag of revolution??, Two volumes. The first volume arguably the most interesting and important because they represent themselves as Soekarno Soekarno.
From the thick book of about 630 pages the first post that started from 1926, with the title?? Nationalist-me, Islamism, and Marxism? is the most interesting and perhaps most important as a point of departure in an effort to understand the surge of Sukarno in his youth, a young 26 year old.
In the midst of greatness, the brilliant orator and writer, it always requires the support of others. He can not stand alone and do not like enclosed spaces.
At the end of his reign, he often felt lonely. In the autobio-grafinya compiled by Cindy Adams, Bung Karno, the People's Tongue Connector, recalled. ?? I did not sleep for six years. I can not sleep goods a snap. Sometimes, late at night, I called someone close to me such as Subandrio, Deputy Prime Minister One and I said,?? Bandrio come to my place, come with me, tell me something strange, tell a joke, Talk about anything just do not about politics. And if I fall asleep, forgive .... For the first time in my life I started to eat sleeping pills. I'm tired. Too tired.??
In another section stated, "" Seen as a whole, the presidency is like an exile a remote ... Often the man who thought changing, not your thoughts ... They helped create this lonely island around you.??
Anti-Imperialism On May 17, 1956. Bung Karno had the honor of delivering a speech in front of the Congress of the United States. As reported by the New York Times (first page) the next day, in a speech that he vigorously attacked colonialism.
?? The struggle and sacrifice that we have done for the sake of our people's liberation from the shackles of colonialism, has lasted from generation to generation for centuries. However, the fight was still not finished. How this struggle can be said complete if millions of people in Asia and Africa still under colonial domination, is still not able to enjoy freedom? Sukarno when it squealed.
Remarkably, although the speech was strongly opposed to colonialism and imperialism, and also quite critical of Western countries, he got a tremendous welcome in the United States (U.S.).
The speech showed the consistency of thought and attitudes of Bung Karno, who since his youth antikolonialisme. Especially in the period 1926-1933, the spirit of anti-imperialism antikolonialisme and it was clear the priority.
Very clear and unequivocal collective memory of the bitterness of colonialism made it rich foreign countries. However, words and facts are two different things, and not infrequently conflicting.
Sukarno and the initiator of nationalism among others forced to wrestle?? Word? and?? facts? knitted political tried but it was not easy, and not infrequently at a stalemate.
Soekarno who diligently speak, among others about the idea of uniting the nationalist, religious and communist (1926) found the fact that at all contradictory, when he tried it a fact. Similarly, the amount of the other ideas: Marhaenisme, or nationalism marhaenistis, which mature conceived in 1932. In fact, the idea of Pancasila.
Controversial figure As a figure who has a firm principle, Bung Karno often regarded as a controversial figure. So no wonder if he has the opponent or fellow who dared to openly criticize or defend his views. In the eyes of political opponents in the country, he is considered to represent a figure that politicians abangan?? Less Islamic??. They even categorize it as a group leader? Secular nationalists??.
However, in the eyes of Sheikh Mahmud Syaltut from Cairo, diggers Pancasila is adzima min quwada dignity Qaeda al-harir FII al-Balad al-Islam (Great leaders of independence movements in Islamic countries). Instead, Guided Democracy, which in the domestic debate, it was praised by sheikh al-Azhar as a, "" lam yakun shuratu ila min shara treaties or ash? allatiy ja?? alha al-Qur?? an sya?? ana min Syu?? un al-mu?? Minin? (Nothing but one illustration of the deliberation that made by the Qur'an as the basis for the faithful).
When mounting tensions between Israel and Arab countries about the status of Palestine at that time, the Arab press welcomes Bung Karno's sensational, "" Champion for Arab interests has arrived??. Likewise, the Holy See gave three awards title to the president of the Republic of the Muslim majority.
Indeed, defense Bung Karno against the oppressed not only for his country but also other countries. That is why he is revered by the Arabs out of Israel is facing attacks at the time. Bung Karno regarded as the leader of the Muslims. In fact, in his own country he is often seen more as abangan than the students.
Actually, how religiuskah Bung Karno? Was not he also in formulating the precepts of Pancasila conception Belief in God Almighty? Sila which shows that Indonesia is a religious nation. The Indonesian nation is a pluralistic nation and recognizes five religions. How could summarize the vision of five religions in the same sentence that the underlying sentence if the maker does not understand the context of religious life in Indonesia is true?
In this case quoted the opinion of Clifford Geertz's elegant Islam Observed (1982):?? Style religious Sukarno Sukarno was the style of his own.?? Why not? To Louise Fischer, Bung Karno had confessed that he was once Muslim, Christian, and Hindu. In the eyes of observers such as Geertz, such recognition is considered? Expansive style as if to embrace the whole world??. Instead, this phrase, it seems to BJ Boland, in The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia (1982) -?? Only embodies the religious feelings of the majority of the people of Indonesia, especially Java??. For the Eastern spiritual appreciation, saying that instead?? Is the courage to voice their ideas might be accused of formalism as heretical clerics??.
Political System Sukarno had views on the political system it supports is the most?? Fit? with?? personality? and?? culture? typical of the Indonesian people who supposedly concerned with cooperation, mutual assistance and harmony. In rhetoric, he condemned?? Individualism? which he said was born of Western liberalism. Individualism that gave birth to selfishness, and this is mainly reflected by the fight antarpartai.
Then he sparked Guided Democracy. In the politics of Sukarno political importance of mass mobilization, he was sympathetic to the movements of anti-imperialism, and perhaps as one consequence, its acceptance in the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) as a legitimate political actor, supporting the conception of democracy. So he launched a political system that is inherently anti-liberal and suspicious of political pluralism. He is concerned?? Unity? by?? revolution??.
In the 1950s, Indonesia was marked by political instability caused by a system of parliamentary democracy. This system is very liberal, and dominated by political parties that control parliament. 1955 election, won by four great powers, Masyumi, Indonesian National Party (PNI), Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and PKI-is still regarded as the most free and clean elections ever held in the history of Indonesia. However, on the other side of the system of party-controlled parliament is often rise and fall of the cabinet headed by prime minister. Moreover, history also notes that the national integrity constantly threatened by various separatist movements, ie, AT / IT, PRRI / Permesta, and so forth.
This fact makes Sukarno increasingly suspicious of political parties because he considers Masyumi, and also the PSI, was involved in several regional rebellions. Then, Sukarno decreed the return of Indonesia at the 1945 Constituent Assembly's failure to decide a new constitution for Indonesia, due to a protracted debate, especially between the secular nationalist forces and Islamic forces on the basis of the state.
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